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Publications: Working papers 2020

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2020-1 "Asymmetric price transmission along the food marketing chain: A focus on the recent price war." Chouaib Jouf Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract This paper investigates the price transmission along the food marketing chain in France. We focus on this transmission at the upstream and downstream levels during the so-called "price war" waged by the retailers in the French market. To this aim, we rely on an asymmetric cointegration approach: the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. We find that although the asymmetric price transmission is effective along the French food marketing chain, it is more pronounced at the downstream level, illustrating that agri-food companies are the main losers of the recent war price in the food sector. Classification-JEL C13, C22, Q11, Q13 Mot(s) clé(s) Food sector, Price transmission, Asymmetry, Nonlinear ARDL model File
2020-2 "Banks to basics! Why banking regulation should focus on equity" Pierre Durand, Gaëtan Le Quang Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract Banking regulation faces multiple challenges that call for rethinking the way it is designed in order to tackle the specific risks associated with banking activities. In this paper, we argue that regulators should focus on designing strong equity requirements instead of implementing several complex rules. Such a constraint in equity is however opposed by the banking industry because of its presumed adverse impact on banks' performance. Resorting to Random Forest regressions on a large dataset of banks balance sheet variables, we show that the ratio of equity over total assets has a clear positive effect on banks' performance, as measured by the return on assets. On the contrary, the impact of this ratio on the shareholder value, as measured by the return on equity, is most of the time weakly negative. Strong equity requirements do not, therefore, impede banks' performance but do reduce the shareholder value. This may be the reason why the banking industry so fiercely opposes strong equity requirements. Classification-JEL C44, G21, G28 Mot(s) clé(s) Banking regulation ; Capital requirements ; Basel III ; Random Forest Regression File
2020-3 "Unconventional Monetary Policies: A Stock-Taking Exercise" Christian Pfister, Jean-Guillaume Sahuc Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract This paper takes stock of the literature on unconventional monetary policies, from their implementation to their effects on the economy. In particular, we discuss in detail the two main measures implemented in most developed economies, namely forward guidance and large-scale asset purchases. Overall, there is near consensus that these measures have been useful, although there are a few dissenting views. Because unconventional monetary policies have left their mark on economies and on the balance sheets of central banks, we offer insights into their legacy and ask whether they have led to a change in “the rules of the game” for setting interest rates and choosing the size and composition of central banks’ balance sheets. Finally, we discuss whether to modify the objectives and the instruments of monetary policy in the future, in comparison with the pre-crisis situation. Classification-JEL E52, E58. Mot(s) clé(s) Unconventional monetary policies. File
2020-4 "Covid-19 : analyse spatiale de l’influence des facteurs socio-économiques sur la prévalence et les conséquences de l’épidémie dans les départements français" Mounir Amdaoud, Giuseppe Arcuri, Nadine Levratto Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract This paper analyses the socio-economic determinants of hospitalizations and death rates related to Covid-19 on the one hand, and the excess mortality observed this year compared to previous ones, on the other. It proposes a territorial approach to these questions thanks to the use of data calculated at the French departments level. The exploratory spatial analysis carried out reveals the heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation of the disease and its consequences. The use of spatial econometric models, then, allows us to highlight the influence of demographic density, social inequalities, part of blue-collars in the active population and emergency services on the studied phenomena. Classification-JEL C21, I14, R23 Mot(s) clé(s) Covid-19, local variables, spatial analysis File
2020-5 "Are business angel-backed companies truly different? a comparative analysis of the financial structure" Nadine Levratto, Julien Salin Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract Through a new eye on corporate finance theories of small firms and of business angel financing determinants, this paper reconsiders the impact of Business Angels on financial structure of backed firms using matching method and a unique individual dataset of French companies over the 2009-2015 period. It shows that the signal effect of Business angel investment, improving access to external finance from another investor is limited. This paper contributes to the corporate finance literature by investigating on the validity of principal corporate finance theories. It also brings insight to the understanding of value added of BA on backed firms. Classification-JEL G24, L25, L26, M13, O16 Mot(s) clé(s) Keywords: Business angels, Financial Structure, Informal venture capital, Matching techniques File
2020-6 "Monetary Policy Transmission with Downward Interest Rate Rigidity" Grégory Levieuge, Jean-Guillaume Sahuc Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract Empirical evidence suggests that the pass-through from policy to retail bank rates is asymmetric in the euro area. Bank lending rates adjust more slowly and less completely to Eonia decreases than to increases. We investigate how this downward interest rate rigidity affects the response of the economy to monetary policy shocks. To this end, we introduce asymmetric bank lending rate adjustment costs in a macrofinance dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. We find that the initial response of GDP to a negative monetary policy shock is 25% lower than its response to a positive shock of similar amplitude. This implies that a central bank would have to decrease its policy rate by 50% to 75% more to obtain a medium-run impact on GDP that would be symmetric to the impact of the positive shock. We also show that downward interest rate rigidity is stronger when policy rates are stuck at their effective lower bound, further disrupting monetary policy transmission. These findings imply that neglecting asymmetry in retail interest rate adjustments may yield misguided monetary policy decisions. Classification-JEL E32, E44, E52. Mot(s) clé(s) Downward interest rate rigidity, asymmetric adjustment costs, banking sector, DSGE model, euro area. File
2020-7 "Pratiques et doctrine des banques centrales au défi du changement climatique : rupture ou continuité ?" Laurence Scialom Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract Central banks are faced with the financial challenge of climate change: on the one hand, the need for a massive reallocation of financial flows from "brown" to "green" activities and sectors and on the other hand climate related financial risks considered as systemic. Responding to this challenge will lead to profound changes in their doctrine and practices. This article shows that history is punctuated by such rapid changes in central banking. It analyses the arguments for integrating financial climate risks into central banks' doctrine and operational framework and attempts to explore what a greening of central bank actions might mean in practice. Classification-JEL Code JEL : E5,N,Q5 Mot(s) clé(s) central banking, climate change, climate related financial risk File
2020-8 "International Economic Sanctions: Multipurpose Index Modelling in the Ukrainian Crisis Case" BALI Morad, Nady Rapelanoro Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract This short paper’s goal is to create a sanction index to simulate international economic sanctions. To do so, it has been decided to focus on the Ukrainian crisis case, and on international sanctions against the Russian Federation. The first part of this paper treats the methodology and mathematical formalization used to build our index. After the mathematical formalization comes an empirical part that is demonstrating improvements brought by our work. To assess these improvements, our index is compared to a previously developed index from Kholodilin and Netšunajev (2016). Four country SVAR models are used in two main sections, two initials and two extended. Results of this section reveal that our new sanction index has a stronger explanatory power. In addition, it seems that our index affects short-term Russian production variations more sharply than its predecessor. The explanatory power improvements are confirmed by extended models, confirming our index relevance. Classification-JEL F4; C5 Mot(s) clé(s) Russian economy, European economies, Ukrainian crisis, economic sanctions, sanctions shock, trade relations, international crisis, structural vector autoregressive models File
2020-9 "Currency misalignments and exchange rate regimes in Latin American countries: a trade-off issue" Jorge Carrera, Blaise Gnimassoun, Valérie Mignon, Romain Restout Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract This paper conducts an in-depth empirical investigation on the impact of the exchange rate regime (ERR) on real currency misalignments in a panel of 17 Latin American countries over the 1970-2016 period. We consider explicitly the two dimensions of misalignments, size and persistence, and evaluate four different ERR classifications. We also pay attention to cross-sectional dependencies across countries that appear to be important in Latin America, and provide several robustness checks. Our main findings show that, although fixed ERR perform well in limiting the size of misalignments—and in reducing inflation and fiscal deficit—the disequilibria are more persistent. On the contrary, allowing for more flexibility reduces persistence but increases the size of misalignments. Overall, we show that Latin American countries face a crucial trade-off when they have to choose their ERR. Classification-JEL F31; C23; E42 Mot(s) clé(s) Latin American countries; Exchange rate regimes; Currency misalignments File
2020-10 "Learning, house prices and macro-financial linkages" Pauline Gandré Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract In the US, the linkages between the housing market, the credit market and the real sector have been striking in the past decades. To explain these linkages, I develop a small-scale DSGE model in which agents update non-rational beliefs about future house price growth, in accord with recent survey data evidence. Conditional on subjective house price beliefs, expectations are model-consistent. In the model with non-rational expectations, both standard productivity shocks and shocks in the credit sector generate endogenously persistent booms in house prices. Long-lasting excess volatility in house prices, in turn, affects the financial sector (because housing assets serve as collateral for household and entrepreneurial debt), and propagates to the real sector. This amplification and propagation mechanism improves the ability of the model to explain empirical puzzles in the US housing market and to explain the macro-financial linkages during 1985-2019. The learning model can also replicate the predictability of forecast errors evidenced in survey data. Classification-JEL D83, D84, E32, E44, G12. Mot(s) clé(s) Housing booms, Financial Accelerator, Business Cycles, Non-rational Expectations, Learning. File
2020-11 "When are Google data useful to nowcast GDP? An approach via pre-selection and shrinkage" Laurent Ferrara, Anna Simoni Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract We analyse whether, and when, a large set of Google search data can be useful to increase GDP nowcasting accuracy once we control for information contained in official variables. We put forward a new approach that combines variable pre-selection and Ridge regularization and we provide theoretical results on the asymptotic behaviour of the estimator. Empirical results on the euro area show that Google data convey useful information for pseudo-real-time nowcasting of GDP growth during the four first weeks of the quarter, when macroeconomic information is lacking. However, as soon as official data become available, their relative nowcasting power vanishes. In addition, a true real-time analysis confirms that Google data constitute a reliable alternative when official data are lacking. Classification-JEL C53, C55, E37 Mot(s) clé(s) Nowcasting, Big data, Google search data, Sure Independence Screening, Ridge Regularization File
2020-12 "Qualité des études d'impact et travail parlementaire" Benjamin Monnery, Bertrand du Marais Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract Since 2009, the French Government is required to produce a regulatory impact assessment (RIA) of the bills introduced in the Parliament, in order to document ex-ante their legal, economic, social or environmental consequences. This article proposes a statistical analysis of a sample of thirty impact assessments published from june 2017 to august 2019, representing about half of the new bills over this period. First, the article documents the heterogeneous and often mediocre quality of impact assessments through a series of indicators, and attempts to identify the determinants of such quality. Second, the article investigates the use of RIA by parliamentarians under the current 15th legislature and shows that, while this use is limited and mostly driven by opposition parties, better RIA can definitely contribute to parliamentary work. Finally, the reasons for the relatively poor quality of RIA and ways for improvement are discussed. Classification-JEL D61 ; D78 ; H70 Mot(s) clé(s) regulatory impact assessments ; ex-ante evaluation ; Parliament ; Government File
2020-13 "Taming Debt: Can GDP-Linked Bonds Do the Trick?" Sarah Mouabbi, Jean-Paul Renne, Jean-Guillaume Sahuc Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract We study the debt-stabilizing properties of indexing debt to GDP using a consumption-based macro-finance model. Three results stand out: (i) GDP-linked bond prices would embed sizeable and time-varying risk premiums of about 40 basis points, (ii) for a fixed budget surplus, issuing GDP-linked bonds does not necessarily imply more beneficial debt-to-GDP ratios in the medium- to long-run, and (iii) the debt-stabilizing budget surplus is more predictable under such issuances at the expense of being higher on average. Our findings call into question the view that GDP-linked bonds tame debt. Classification-JEL H62, H63, E43, E44. Mot(s) clé(s) GDP-linked bonds, debt stabilization, consumption-based model, term structure File
2020-14 "It Takes a Village to Raise a Child. Impact Evaluation of the Training for Volunteers in Health and the Nutritional Recovery Cycles in West Guatemala" Juliana Yael Milovich, Elena Villar Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract The highest rates of child undernutrition in Guatemala are found in Western regions, where more than half of the children under five are stunted and almost 20% underweight. However, despite the large incidence of undernutrition in the country, there is no robust evidence of its determinants, effects and possible solutions. Our study analyses the impact of a program implemented by the Foundation FUNDAP in West Guatemala, Volunteers in Health, on the nutritional health of children under five years of age. We provide new evidence on how training women at the community level to provide information on infants' nutrition to mothers, together with the monitoring of children's growth and the supply of food supplements, contributes to significantly reduce the probability of children being underweight in West Guatemala. Classification-JEL I38, J1, I18 Mot(s) clé(s) Child Undernutrition, Women's Training, Health Programs, Impact Evaluation File
2020-15 "Why do insurers fail? A comparison of life and non-life insolvencies using a new international database" George Overton, Olivier de Bandt Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract Plantin & Rocher (2016) document how insurers often engage in risk-shifting years before the materialization of a failure. This paper empirically examines this claim by testing the mechanisms of insurance insolvency, using a first-of-its-kind international database assembled by the authors which merges data on balance sheet and income statements together with information on impairments over the last 30 years. Employing different fixed effects logistic specifications and parametric survival models, the paper presents evidence, on top of the role of profitability as a leading indicator of failures, of the intrinsic asymmetries between the life and non-life insurance sectors. In the life sector, asset mix is highly significant in predicting an impairment, while operating efficiency plays no role. In the non-life sector, the opposite proves true. Classification-JEL G22, G01, G11 Mot(s) clé(s) Insurance, insolvency prediction, leading indicators, financial crises File
2020-16 "Exchange rate predictive densities and currency risks: A quantile regression approach" Niango Ange Joseph Yapi Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract We investigate the ability of the Fama equation to compute proper conditional densities and currency risks. Based on quantile regressions, we fit a Skewed t-distribution to estimate the conditional densities on the monetary policy of eight currency pairs. We demonstrate that the conditional densities are highly sensitive to the monetary policy stances. Then, we use the estimated conditional densities to measure the currency risks. Our results highlight that the depreciation/appreciation risks are extremely heterogeneous and that the currencies are more exposed to depreciation risks, especially during turmoils. Our findings can be used as a supplementary tool to assess whether a currency behaves as a safe-haven currency. We also investigate the relative and absolute performance of our model in forecasting densities. We find that the predictive densities are perfectly well-calibrated. Moreover, our results also demonstrate that our methodology can outperform the random walk in forecasting densities. Classification-JEL C22, C53, F31 Mot(s) clé(s) Quantile regressions, Predictive densities, Currency risks, Safe-haven currency. File
2020-17 "The Wage-Maximisation Property" Christian Bidard Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract For linear single-product models, the competitive long-run technique is wage maximising at a given rate of profit. The property is extended to multiple-product systems that satisfy an additional hypothesis called robustness. In particular, the nonsubstitution property implies that all prices are minimum in terms of wage. The result applies to several types of models, including production with fixed capital. On the robustness hypothesis, the wage-maximisation property can be seen as the counterpart in value terms of the golden rule. Classification-JEL B24, C62, D41, D51 Mot(s) clé(s) Nonsubstitution, wage maximisation, golden rule, fixed capital, Sraffa. File
2020-18 "Robustness of the Balassa-Samuelson effect: evidence from developing and emerging economies" Florian Morvillier Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract This paper aims at investigating the robustness of the Balassa-Samuelson (BS) effect to alternative proxies for a panel of 38 developing and emerging economies over the period 1980-2016. We examine the internal and external versions of the BS hypothesis using a total of five different measures. Relying on the Cross Sectional-Distributed Lag (CS-DL) approach, we show that the internal version of the BS hypothesis holds only if the labor productivity differential between the tradable and non-tradable sectors is used rather than the Gross Domestic Product Per worker. We also find evidence of a positive and robust effect of the relative price of the non-traded to traded goods on the real exchange rate. Overall, our findings highlight that while the verification of the internal version of the BS effect depends on the proxy considered for productivity, the validity of the external version is a general and robust result. Classification-JEL F31, F41 Mot(s) clé(s) Balassa–Samuelson effect, real exchange rate, relative prices File
2020-19 "Emissions Trading with Transaction Costs" Marc Baudry, Anouk Faure, Simon Quemin Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract We develop an equilibrium model of emissions permit trading in the presence of ﬁxed and proportional trading costs in which the permit price and ﬁrms’ participation in and extent of trading are endogenously determined. We analyze the sensitivity of the equilibrium to changes in the trading costs and ﬁrms’ allocations, and characterize situations where the trading costs alternatively depress or raise permit prices relative to frictionless market conditions. We calibrate our model to annual transaction and compliance data in Phase II of the EU ETS (2008-2012) which we consolidate at the ﬁrm level. We ﬁnd that trading costs in the order of 10 k€ per annum plus 1€ per permit traded substantially reduce discrepancies between observations and theoretical predictions for ﬁrms’ behavior (e.g. autarkic compliance). Our simulations suggest that ignoring trading costs leads to an underestimation of the price impacts of supply-curbing policies, this diﬀerence varying with the incidence on ﬁrms. Classification-JEL D22, D23, H32, L22, Q52, Q58 Mot(s) clé(s) Emissions trading, Transaction costs, Policy design and evaluation, EU ETS File
2020-20 "The Contribution of Residential Segregation to Racial Income Gaps: Evidence from South Africa" Florent Dubois, Christophe Muller Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract Persistent racial income disparities cannot only be explained by differences in socio-economic characteristics. In this paper, we contend that local segregation should be an essential component of the determination of socio-ethnic income gaps using the contemporary White/African gap in South Africa. First, we complete Mincer wage equations with an Isolation index. Second, we decompose the income gap distribution into detailed composition and structure components. Third, we explore the heterogeneity of segregation effects along three theoretical lines: racial preferences, labor market segmentation, and networks effects. Segregation is found to be the main contributor of the structure effect, ahead of education and experience, and to make a sizable contribution to the composition effect. Moreover, segregation is detrimental to incomes at the bottom of the African distribution, notably in association with local informal job-search networks, while it is beneficial at the top of the White distribution. Only minor influences of racial preferences and labor market segmentation are found. Specific subpopulations are identified that suffer and benefit most from segregation, including for the former, little educated workers in agriculture and mining, often female, immersed in their personal networks. Finally, minimum wage policies are found likely to attenuate the segregation’s noxious mechanisms. Classification-JEL J15, D31, R23 Mot(s) clé(s) Post-Apartheid South Africa, Distribution Decompositions, Income Distribution, Residential Segregation File
2020-21 "Création du FED : réunir la gestion de la monnaie et de la liquidité" Anne-Marie Rieu-Foucault Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract The process of creating the Federal Reserve System (FED) was the result of a series of monetary and financial dysfunctions, which resulted in a succession of liquidity crises in the second half of the 19th century in the United States. This paper presents these dysfunctions and the means found by clearing houses to manage liquidity crises in the absence of a central bank. He discusses the reasons that ultimately led to the creation of the FED, putting into perspective the political and financial dimensions of this creation. It concludes, with regard to history, on the contributions of the FED and the shortcomings which the central bank faced, when the 2008 crisis broke out. Classification-JEL E58, G01, N21 Mot(s) clé(s) central banks, money, liquidity, financial crises File
2020-22 "China’s overseas Sovereign debt relief actions: What insights do recent cases provide?" Gatien Bon, Gong Cheng Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the G20 and the Paris Club agreed to provide bilateral official debt relief to low-income countries. This paper presents eight case studies of China’s recent debt relief actions overseas to shed light on their common features and particularities. These cases – Cuba (2010), Seychelles (2011), Chad (2017), Zambia (2018), Mozambique (2018), Cameroon (2019), Congo (2019) and Venezuela (in progress) – highlight China’s growing role in providing debt relief. This relief is provided either in conjunction with other official creditors, such as the Paris Club, or private creditors, or out of its own political initiative. The magnitude of debt relief and restructuring terms vary across different cases and depending on the terms offered by other creditors. We observe a predominant share of cancellation of accumulated arrears instead of nominal haircut of the outstanding principal in these eight cases. We conclude with preliminary reflections on political economy factors motivating China’s debt relief actions. Classification-JEL F33, F34, H63 Mot(s) clé(s) Africa, China, Paris Club, Sovereign debt restructuring File
2020-23 "Monetary Policy and Housing Loan Default" Barbara Castillo Rico, George Overton Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract The most direct channel of transmission of monetary policy to households is the modification of ECB lending and deposit facilities rates. Outstanding borrowers with adjustable rate loans face affordability conditions changes with important consequences on their financial situation. In this paper, we study the impact of monetary policy changes on housing credit default over the period 2004-2015. We use an extensive panel of French housing loans to reconstruct amortization tables over the life of each loan and compute changes in quarterly payments due to monetary policy action, later using hazard models to map changes in interest rates to default. Importantly, our data set allows the assumption of the absence of strategic default our analysis, which isolates involuntary default in our estimates. First, we find that a 100 bp increase in quarterly payment induced by variations in the 3-month Euribor increases the probability of default by around 5\%. Second, we identify employment stability as a major insurance factor against rising policy rates during contractionary monetary policy action. Finally, we provide evidence about the existence of a self-selection of riskier borrower profiles into adjustable rate loans. The concern regarding payment size on adjustable-rate loans is of heightened importance in a monetary policy context characterized by uncertainty over the timing of a rate increase following a sustained period of low or negative rates. Classification-JEL R30, H81, E52 Mot(s) clé(s) Housing loans, Monetary policy, Default File
2020-24 "Academic Convergence and Migration: the effect of the BolognaProcess on European Mobility." Rémi Odry Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract This paper investigates the effects of the Bologna Process on migration inflows within European countries between 2004 and 2017. To this aim, we rely on a large panel of bilateral flows between most of the European countries, and use several estimators. Our results show that the Bologna Process has a limited, when significant, impact on migration in Europe. Its effect is mostly visible in destination countries but is extremely weak when we focus on the implementation in origin countries. When detected, the effect of the Bologna Process is growing following its implementation. In contrast, Diasporas are important in explaining flows between countries. We also find that traditional variables such as common language and distance may not be as relevant as before in studying intra-European flows. Finally, we notice an unexpected negative effect of the adoption of the Euro. Classification-JEL I23; J15; C33; J18 Mot(s) clé(s) Bologna Process; Migration; Education; Gravity Model. File
2020-25 "Should environment be a concern for competition policy when firms face environmental liability ?" Maxime Charreire, Eric Langlais Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract This paper considers an oligopoly where firms produce a joint and indivisible environmental harm as a by-product of their output. We first analyze the effects on the oligopoly equilibrium of alternative designs in environmental liability law, secondly, we discuss the rationale for "non-conventional" competition policies, i.e. more concerned with public interest such as the preservation of human health or environment. We study firms decisions of care and output under various liability regimes (strict liability vs negligence) associated with alternative damages apportionment rules (per capita vs market share rule), and with damages multipliers. We find that basing an environmental liability law on the combination of strict liability, the per capita rule, and an "optimal" damages multiplier, is consistent with a conservative competition policy, focused on consumers surplus, since, weakening firms' market power also increases aggregate expenditures in environment preservation and social welfare. In contrast, a shift to the market share rule, or to a negligence regime, may be consistent with a restriction of competition, since firms' entry may instead lead to a decrease in aggregate environmental expenditures and losses of social welfare. Nevertheless the fine tuning of the policy requires specific information from a Competition Authority, which we discuss as well. Classification-JEL L41, L13, K13 Mot(s) clé(s) Strict liability; negligence; damages apportionment rules; market share liability; environmental liability; Cournot oligopoly; competition policy. File
2020-26 "Infrastructures and the real exchange rate" Florian Morvillier Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract This paper investigates the nonlinear relationship between infrastructures and the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER). Applying a Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model to a sample of 31 countries over the period 1973-2014, we find strong evidence of a nonlinear impact of Electricity Generating Capacity (EGC) and telecommunications on the REER dynamics. When the network is not completed or the stock of infrastructures is low, an increase in EGC and telecommunications depreciates the REER, while the additional depreciation is lower or inexistent once the network is established. Finally, turning to power grid quality, we show that higher electric power losses are associated with a REER depreciation that is particularly marked when the former are high. Classification-JEL F31, F41 Mot(s) clé(s) Infrastructures, Panel Smooth Transition Regression, Real Exchange Rate File
2020-27 "China’s debt relief actions overseas and macroeconomic implications" Gatien Bon, Gong Cheng Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract This paper explores a novel database of 140 cases of debt restructurings that China conducted between 2000 and 2019 in 65 debtor countries. It uncovers a number of salient features of the restructuring terms that China has offered and the ways in which China has interacted with other creditors and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The majority of debt relief operations have been executed through debt forgiveness rather than debt rescheduling through maturity extension or/and interest rate reduction. Interestingly, a large number of Chinese debt relief operations took place within a two-year timeframe of debt relief agreements with Paris Club or private sector creditors and in the context of financial assistance from the IMF. Using local projections, this paper sheds light on the negative impact of China’s debt relief operations on growth and development prospects in debtor countries, especially when China provides debt rescheduling and does not treat the stock of nominal debt. Subdued domestic fixed capital investment and fiscal policy tightening seem to be the main drag on economic growth in debtor countries after a restructuring. Classification-JEL F33, F34, H63 Mot(s) clé(s) China, Paris Club, Sovereign debt, Restructuring, Development, Africa File
2020-28 "Are European cooperative banks more responsible?" Ouafa Ouyahia Show Download working paper (on EconPapers) Abstract The objective of this paper is to establish a comparison between European cooperative banks and non-cooperative banks in terms of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). One of the main limitations of existing studies is their inability to measure and verify the concrete application of the banks' speeches and communications in their actual practices. To remedy this problem, we try in this study to, first, evaluate the banks’ communication, and in a second step, measure the implication of the European banking sector in CSR practices. We also think that it is interesting to see the impact of the recent financial crisis on the practices of banks in terms of CSR. For this, we will consider the years 2008 and 2015. Our data are collected, for the most part, from the annual reports of banks. We have also exported some data from Fitch Connect database. Globally, banks are becoming more transparent. They provide more information in 2015 compared to 2008. Taking into account all the criteria selected, cooperative banks are better rated on average. However, some differences emerge depending on the type of information analyzed (their communications or practices), hence the importance of analyzing the practice of banks to judge their CSR, something that is not done yet in the literature. Classification-JEL G21, P13 Mot(s) clé(s) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); cooperative banks; European banks File

Publications: Working papers

Publications: Working papers 2020

2020-1 "Asymmetric price transmission along the food marketing chain: A focus on the recent price war."

2020-2 "Banks to basics! Why banking regulation should focus on equity"

2020-3 "Unconventional Monetary Policies: A Stock-Taking Exercise"

2020-4 "Covid-19 : analyse spatiale de l’influence des facteurs socio-économiques sur la prévalence et les conséquences de l’épidémie dans les départements français"

2020-5 "Are business angel-backed companies truly different? a comparative analysis of the financial structure"

2020-6 "Monetary Policy Transmission with Downward Interest Rate Rigidity"

2020-7 "Pratiques et doctrine des banques centrales au défi du changement climatique : rupture ou continuité ?"

2020-8 "International Economic Sanctions: Multipurpose Index Modelling in the Ukrainian Crisis Case"

2020-9 "Currency misalignments and exchange rate regimes in Latin American countries: a trade-off issue"

2020-10 "Learning, house prices and macro-financial linkages"

2020-11 "When are Google data useful to nowcast GDP? An approach via pre-selection and shrinkage"

2020-12 "Qualité des études d'impact et travail parlementaire"

2020-13 "Taming Debt: Can GDP-Linked Bonds Do the Trick?"

2020-14 "It Takes a Village to Raise a Child. Impact Evaluation of the Training for Volunteers in Health and the Nutritional Recovery Cycles in West Guatemala"

2020-15 "Why do insurers fail? A comparison of life and non-life insolvencies using a new international database"

2020-16 "Exchange rate predictive densities and currency risks: A quantile regression approach"

2020-17 "The Wage-Maximisation Property"

2020-18 "Robustness of the Balassa-Samuelson effect: evidence from developing and emerging economies"

2020-19 "Emissions Trading with Transaction Costs"

2020-20 "The Contribution of Residential Segregation to Racial Income Gaps: Evidence from South Africa"

2020-21 "Création du FED : réunir la gestion de la monnaie et de la liquidité"

2020-22 "China’s overseas Sovereign debt relief actions: What insights do recent cases provide?"

2020-23 "Monetary Policy and Housing Loan Default"

2020-24 "Academic Convergence and Migration: the effect of the BolognaProcess on European Mobility."

2020-25 "Should environment be a concern for competition policy when firms face environmental liability ?"

2020-26 "Infrastructures and the real exchange rate"

2020-27 "China’s debt relief actions overseas and macroeconomic implications"

2020-28 "Are European cooperative banks more responsible?"