Photo Élisabeth Tovar

ÉLISABETH TOVAR

MAÎTRE DE CONFÉRENCES AVEC HDR

Research interests

  • arrow_right Economie normative
  • arrow_right Economie du bien-être
  • arrow_right Economie urbaine
  • arrow_right Economie du travail

Research group

    Comportements, Droits et Bien-être

Contact

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2024-6

Moving apart: job-driven residential mobility and the gender pay gap Evidence from a large industrial firm.

Matthieu Bunel, Dominique Meurs, Élisabeth Tovar

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Abstract
This article uses a 15-year panel data set from a large French industrial firm to investigate the role of intra-firm job-driven residential mobility on the gender pay gap of executives. We find that job-driven residential mobility is highly profitable for both male and female workers due to a generous mobility bonus policy, but that it does not affect their careers. We also find that female executives are less likely than males to experience job-driven residential mobility, and that it brings higher gains to male relative to female executives. However, these differences between men and women linked to the mobility allowance make limited contribution to the total gender pay gap, which is almost entirely due to other bonuses linked to the positions held.
Mot(s) clé(s)
insider econometrics, personnel economics, gender pay gap, job mobility, residential mobility
2023-31

Fairness of the First-Come, First-Served rule on the rental housing market: answers from a hypothetical survey experiment

Mathieu Bunel, Élisabeth Tovar

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Abstract
En écho aux politiques récemment mises en œuvre à Seattle et à Portland, nous examinons les perceptions de l'équité de la règle du premier arrivé, premier servi (PAPS) dans le contexte de la discrimination sur le marché du logement locatif. Nous utilisons un hypothetical survey experiment original dans lequel un agent immobiliers est confronté aux préférences discriminatoires de ses clients, les propriétaires des unités vacantes mises en location. Un échantillon de 1.541 répondants représentatifs de la population américaine a été interrogé sur la façon dont, d'un point de vue moral, l'agent immobilier devrait se comporter : attribuer les logements exclusivement au groupe non discriminé, exclusivement au groupe discriminé, ou au groupe qui s'est manifesté en premier (règle PAPS). Les manipulations factorielles incluses dans le design sont i) le coût de la mise en œuvre de la règle PAPS pour l'agent immobiliers, qui risque de perdre ses clients propriétaires s'il loue au groupe discriminé, ii) les effets de pairs, c'est-à-dire ce que font les autres agents immobiliers et iii) la norme sociale (égalitaire, ségrégationniste et pro-PAPS) partagée par les membres de la communauté. Conformément à la littérature, nous constatons que la règle PAPS occupe une place importante parmi les autres principes normatifs, mais que son coût a un effet causal sur le soutien qu'elle reçoit de la part des personnes interrogées. Nous constatons également que les effets des pairs et les normes sociales ont un effet causal sur le soutien à la règle PAPS, les normes sociales ayant un effet plus important. Enfin, nous constatons que les répondants susceptibles d'être victimes de discrimination sont les moins susceptibles de soutenir la règle PAPS.
Mot(s) clé(s)
discrimination, fairness, first-come first-served rule, hypothetical survey experiment, rental housing market
2021-28

Attitudes on past-in-present educational discrimination. Insights from a representative factorial survey

Matthieu Bunel, Élisabeth Tovar

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Abstract
In this paper, we provide evidence on attitudes on past-in-present educational discrimination, i.e. educational discrimination that occurred in the past but has present-time negative effects on the probability of success in fair-in-form employment selection processes. To do so, we use an original factorial survey experiment, and collect data from a representative sample of the US population. We find that a significant majority of respondents support the costly compensation of past-in-present educational discrimination. Moreover, we find that respondents are as sensitive to past-in-present educational discrimination than to present-time employment discrimination. We find that causal effects on attitudes are stronger for the intentionality of the discrimination than for its financial consequences on the discriminated group. Last, attitudes appear to be more driven by the respondents’ political perspective than by their own real-world identity.
Mot(s) clé(s)
attitudes, educational discrimination, factorial survey, past-in-present discrimination
2019-25

Profit vs morality: how unfair is labor market discrimination? Results from a survey experiment

Matthieu Bunel, Élisabeth Tovar

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Abstract
Using an original survey-experimental protocol, we study the normative acceptability of the trade-off between immoral profit (discrimination) and costly morality (non-discrimination). We test the causal influence of three factors: i) the origin of discrimination, ii) the steepness of the morality/profit trade-off and iii) anti-discriminatory moral injunctions. Contrasting with past experimental and attitudinal studies, we find that a significant minority of respondents believe that labor market discrimination is acceptable when morality results in profit loss. We also find that the three tested factors have significant effects on normative opinions. Respondents are more likely to choose profit over morality when discrimination is taste-based than when it is caused by imperfect information. Discrimination’s acceptability rises with the cost of non discrimination. Anti-discriminatory moral injunctions sharply reduces the acceptability of profitable discrimination.
Mot(s) clé(s)
discrimination, moral suasion, profit/morality trade-off, vignette survey experiment
2017-34

Obeying vs. resisting unfair laws. A structural analysis of the internalization of collective preferences on redistribution using classification trees and random forests

Sophie Harnay, Élisabeth Tovar

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Abstract
In this paper, we study whether individual normative preferences are affected by the knowledge of collective normative preferences. In a questionnaire-experimental framework, we study whether respondents obey, resist or are indifferent to a very unfair but legal distribution of an inheritance between a minimum wage-earner and a millionaire. In addition to regressions, we use classification trees and random forests to provide a full picture of how asymmetric combinations of self-interest and ideological factors may lead to identical individual redistributive preferences and law internalization attitudes. We find that sensitivity to procedural fairness and responsibility cut opinions are good predictors of individual redistributive preferences. We also find that law internalization is associated with the support of core normative values, but not with the support of fairness as procedures. This echoes Cooter’s hypothesis of ‘meta preferences’ triggering an expressive vs. backlash effects of laws. Lastly, we find that, among the law-sensitive, the social ‘losers’ tend to submit to the unfair but legal collective preference while the social ‘winners’ tend to either be indifferent of voice their disagreement.
Mot(s) clé(s)
redistribution, law expressivity, self-interest, ideology, classification trees, random forests.
2015-32

Spatial Mismatch through Local Public Employment Agencies? Answers from a French Quasi-Experiment

Matthieu Bunel, Élisabeth Tovar

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Abstract
Using the unanticipated creation of a new agency in the French region of Lyon as a quasinatural experiment, we question whether distance to local public employment agencies (LPEAs) is a new channel for spatial mismatch. Contrary to past evidence based on aggregated data and consistent with the spatial mismatch literature, we find no evidence of a worker/agency spatial mismatch, which supports a resizing of the French LPEA network. However, echoing the literature on the institutional determinants of the local public employment agencies’ efficiency, we do find detrimental institutional transitory effects.
Mot(s) clé(s)
spatial mismatch, unemployment, public employment service, quasi-experiment.
2012-23

L’hégémonie retrouvée du centre de la métropole parisienne. L’apport d’une mesure de la ségrégation fonctionnelle des emplois

Lise Bourdeau-Lepage, Élisabeth Tovar

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Abstract
This article examines the spatial distribution of jobs in the Paris Region. Going beyond the standard analysis often centered on economic sectors, it focuses instead on the functions achieved by the jobs. We rely on exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and segregation indicators. We bring to light the hyper-mono-centric structure of the job distribution in the Paris Region in 2007 and, further, show its asymmetric and segregated nature. These results call for additional work on the link between the spatial differentiation and functional segregation of the jobs, and a city’s wealth, productivity and status in the globalized economy. They also challenge the role that the functional hyper-centrality could play in the competition among global metropolises.
Mot(s) clé(s)
Centre; Job Functions; Paris Region; Segregation
2012-22

Local Job Accessibility Measurement: When the Model Makes the Results. Methodological Contribution and Empirical Benchmarking on the Paris Region

Matthieu Bunel, Élisabeth Tovar

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Abstract
This paper focuses on local job accessibility measurement. We propose an original model that uses national exhaustive micro data and allows for i) a full estimation of job availability according to an extensive set of individual characteristics, ii) a full appraisal of job competition on the labour market and iii) a full control of frontier effects. By matching several exhaustive micro data sources on the Paris region municipalities, we compare the results produced by this benchmark model to a representative set of alternative models, we show that the model may indeed make the results as far as local job accessibility is concerned. Significant empirical differences do stem from the use of different Local Job Accessibility measures. Moreover, these differences are spatially differentiated across the Paris region municipalities. In particular, we show that failing to use a model where job availability is fully estimated according to individual characteristics may lead to the over-estimation of the job accessibility levels of notably under-privileged municipalities.
Mot(s) clé(s)
job accessibility measurement; Paris Region; benchmarking; geo-referenced microdata
2011-17

Well-being Disparities Within the Paris Region. A Capabilist Spatialized Outlook

Lise Bourdeau-Lepage, Élisabeth Tovar

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Abstract
Urban riots, such as in France in 2005, have drawn attention on the spatial determinants of social discontent. We provide evidence on the pervasive collective perception of a dramatic increase of the well-being disparities within the Paris Region during the decade preceding the 2005 riots. We ground our well-being indicator on a spatialized version of Sen's normative capabilist approach, which allows to explicitly take into account the impact of one's localization on one's realizations, opportunities and freedom. Then, using multidimensional poverty indicators and ESDA, we show a global improvement of the Paris region municipalities' Capabilist Spatialized well-being (CaS) between 1999 and 2006 as well as a catching-up phenomenon between advantaged and disadvantaged municipalities. Nevertheless, we also find a growing cluster of very disadvantaged municipalities, some of which have witnessed a decrease of their CaS level. This evidence may explain the belief of a growing socio-spatial fracture within the Paris region.
Mot(s) clé(s)
capabilist well-being, socio-spatial disparities, Paris region
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