Photo Remzi Uctum

REMZI UCTUM

CHARGÉ(E) DE RECHERCHES AVEC HDR

Research interests

  • arrow_right Anticipations, incertitude et prix des actifs financiers
  • arrow_right Soutenabilité de la dette publique
  • arrow_right Marchés financiers
  • arrow_right Macroéconomie
  • arrow_right Finance comportementale

Research group

    Macroéconomie internationale, finance, matières premières et économétrie financière

Contact

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2021-31

Modeling ex-ante risk premia in the oil market

Georges Prat, Remzi Uctum

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Abstract
Using Consensus Economics survey-based data we show that oil price expectations are not rational, implying that the ex-ante premium is a more relevant concept than the widely popular ex-post premium. We propose for the 3- and 12-month horizons a portfolio choice model with risky oil assets and a risk-free asset. At the maximized expected utility the risk premium is defined as the product of the risk price by the expected oil return volatility. We show that the representative investor can be risk averse or risk seeking depending on the state of nature, implying that the price of risk is positive or negative, respectively. The price of risk and expected volatility being unobservable magnitudes, a state-space model, where the risk prices are represented as stochastic unobservable components and where expected volatilities depend on historical squared returns, is estimated using Kalman filtering. We find evidence of significant disparities of risk prices according to horizons: higher amplitudes and risk seeking behaviour are associated with short horizons and lower fluctuations and risk aversion attitude characterize longer horizons. We show that macroeconomic, financial and oil market-related factors drive risk prices whose signs are consistent with the predictions of prospect theory. An upward sloped term structure of oil risk premia prevails in average over the period.
Mot(s) clé(s)
oil market, oil price expectations, ex-ante risk premium
2018-25

Term structure of interest rates: modelling the risk premium using a two horizons framework

Georges Prat, Remzi Uctum

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Abstract
This paper proposes a hybrid two-horizon risk premium model with one- and two-period maturity debts, among which the risky asset and the riskless one depend on agents’ investment horizon. A representative investor compares at each horizon the ex-ante premium offered by the market with the value they require to take a risky position, with the aim of choosing between a riskless and a risky strategy. Due to market frictions, the premium offered adjusts gradually to its required value determined by the portfolio choice theory. The required market risk premium is defined as a time-varying weighted average of the required 1- and 2-period horizon premia, where the weights represent the degree of preference of the market for each of the horizons. Our framework is more general than the standard model of the term structure of interest rates where it is assumed that the 1-period rate is the riskless rate at any time and for all agents. Setting one period equal to three months, we use 3-month ahead expected values of the US 3-month Treasury Bill rate provided by Consensus Economics surveys to estimate our 3- and 6-month horizon risk premium model using the Kalman filter methodology. We find that both 3- and 6-month maturity rates represent the riskless and the risky rates with a time-varying market preference for the former rate of about two-thirds. This result strongly rejects the standard model and shows the importance of taking into account the market preference for alternative horizons when describing risky strategies in interest rate term structure modelling.
Mot(s) clé(s)
interest rates, risk premium, survey data
2017-38

The Eurozone Convergence through Crises and Structural Changes

Merih Uctum, Remzi Uctum, Chu-Ping C. Vijverberg

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Abstract
In light of several economic and financial crises and institutional changes experienced by the Eurozone countries, we examine whether the adoption of the euro led to business cycle synchronization or fostered convergence of growth rates. Controlling for reverse causality, we conduct multiple endogenous break tests and find that while output growth was synchronized for some countries, convergence occurred in a nonlinear way for others: (i) convergence was not triggered by adoption of the euro but by international or idiosyncratic shocks; (ii) in several countries convergence started long before the introduction of the euro, accelerated during the 1990s and continued since then, reflecting persistent influence of the core countries; (iii) convergence has been prevalent among the non-Eurozone economies in our sample.
Mot(s) clé(s)
Convergence; business cycle synchronization; euro; crises; structural breaks.
2016-19

Do markets learn to rationally expect US interest rates? Evidence from survey data

Georges Prat, Remzi Uctum

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Abstract
Using Consensus Economics survey data on the US 3-month bill rate and the 10 years Treasury bonds expectations for the 3- and 12-month horizons over the period November 1989 – May 2015, this article aims at testing whether a group of rational forecasters coexists with or emerges over time beside a group of forecasters employing the traditional limited information-based rules that are the extrapolative, the adaptive, the regressive and the forward-market premium rules. We estimate the time-varying weights associated with the two groups using the Kalman filter methodology and find that the aggregate expectations fail to exhibit a learning process towards rationality both for short term and long term interest rates. While long term interest rate expectations appear to be explained only by limited information rules at any time, in the case of the short term interest rate a group of rational agents seems to have operated in the market over the whole period with a small but almost constant weight simultaneously with limited information-based forecasters. Overall, for both short and long term interest rates, our results strongly suggest that experts’ forecasts are essentially based on a combination of the four traditional processes. This is consistent with the economically rational expectations theory which suggests that information costs and agents’ aversion to misestimating future interest rates determine the optimal amounts of information on which they base their expectations.
Mot(s) clé(s)
expectation formation, interest rates, dynamic heterogeneity, survey data.
2015-14

Jumps in Equilibrium Prices and Asymmetric News in Foreign Exchange Markets

Imane El Ouadghiri, Remzi Uctum

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Abstract
In this paper we examine the intraday effects of surprises from scheduled and
unscheduled announcements on six major exchange rate returns (jumps) using an
extension of the standard Tobit model with heteroskedastic and asymmetric errors.
Since observed volatility at high frequency often contains microstructure noise, we use
a recently proposed non parametric test to filter out noise and extract jumps from
noise-free FX returns (Lee and Mykland (2012)). We found that the most influential
scheduled macroeconomic news are globally related to job markets, output growth
indicators and public debt. These surprises impact FX jumps rather in the form of
good news, as a result of pessimistic forecasts from traders during the crisis period
analyzed. We reconfirmed for most of the currencies the hypothesis that negative
volatility shocks have a greater impact on volatility than positive shocks of the same
magnitude, reflecting markets' concern about the cost of stabilization policies.
Mot(s) clé(s)
Forex market, announcements, jump detection test, high frequency data, microstructure noise, asymmetric GARCH.
2014-17

Expectation formation in the foreign exchange market: a time-varying heterogeneity approach using survey data

Georges Prat, Remzi Uctum

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Abstract
Using Consensus Economics survey data on JPY/USD and GBP/USD exchange rate expectations for the 3- and 12-month horizons over the period November 1989 – December 2012 we first show that expectations fail to unbiasedness tests and do not exhibit a learning process towards rationality. Our approach is consistent with the economically rational expectations theory (Feige and Pearce, 1976), which states that information costs and agents’ aversion of misestimating future exchange rates determine the optimal amounts of information on which they base their expectations. The time-variability of the cost/aversion ratios justifies at the aggregate level a representation of expectations as a linear combination of the traditional extrapolative, adaptive and regressive processes augmented by a forward market component, whose parameters are allowed to change over time. This mixed expectation model with unstable heterogeneity is validated by our Kalman Filter estimation results for the two currencies and the two horizons considered. Although the chartist behavior, gathering the extrapolative and adaptive components, appears to dominate the fundamentalist behavior, described by the regressive and forward market components, the relative importance of the fundamentalists (chartists) is found to increase (decrease) with the time-horizon.
Mot(s) clé(s)
expectation formation, exchange rates, dynamic heterogeneity, survey data.
2013-36

Persistence of announcement effects on the intraday volatility of stock returns: evidence from individual data

Sylvie Lecarpentier-Moyal, Georges Prat, Patricia Renou-Maissant, Remzi Uctum

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Abstract
We analyze the empirical relationship between announcement effects and return volatilities of four CAC40 companies using intraday financial and event data from SBF-Euronext and Bloomberg, respectively. We estimate the daily component of the intraday volatility using a FIGARCH model and the intraday seasonality by the Fourier Flexible Form. We find that individual return volatilities are affected by a systematic market effect, day effects and announcements related to macroeconomic environment, strategic and financial dealings and commercial outcome, the two latter events being specific to the firm or to its competitors. The volatility responses have delayed and progressive patterns with persistence horizons ranging from one to three hours, suggesting that agents access to complete information gradually.
Mot(s) clé(s)
Intraday volatility, long memory, persistence of announcement effects
2012-29

Modeling the horizon-dependent risk premium in the forex market: evidence from survey data

Georges Prat, Remzi Uctum

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Abstract
Using Consensus Economics survey data on experts' expectations, we aim to model the 3- and 12-month ahead ex-ante risk premia on the Yen/USD and the British Pound/USD exchange markets. For each market and at a given horizon, we show that the risk premium is well determined by the conditional expected variance of the change in the real exchange rate, agents' real net market position in assets and a constant composite risk aversion coefficient, as suggested by a two-country portfolio asset pricing model. The expected variance depends on the past values of the observed variance and the unobservable real net market position is estimated as a state variable using the Kalman filter methodology. We found that the trends of our estimated horizon-specific net market positions are consistent with the ones of the observed short term aggregate net market positions calculated using the U.S. Treasury International Capital System dataset. Moreover, we show that the ex-post premia tend to adjust towards the ex-ante values, suggesting that experts' beliefs provide a relevant information to the market. These results bring new responses to the difficulties reported by the widespread ex-post risk premium literature and enhances the usefulness of survey data in modelling the risk premium.
Mot(s) clé(s)
risk premium; foreign exchange market; international asset pricing model; survey data
2009-28

Modelling oil price expectations: evidence from survey data

Georges Prat, Remzi Uctum

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Abstract
Using Consensus Forecast survey data on WTI oil price expectations for three and twelve month horizons over the period November 1989 – December 2008, we find that the rational expectation hypothesis is rejected and that none of the traditional extrapolative, regressive and adaptive processes fits the data. We suggest a mixed expectation model defined as a linear combination of these traditional processes, which we interpret as the aggregation of individual mixing behavior and of heterogenous groups of agents using simple processes. This approach is consistent with the economically rational expectations theory. We show that the target price included in the regressive component of this model depends on macroeconomic fundamentals whose effects are subject to structural changes. The estimation results led to validate the mixed expectational model for the two horizons.
Mot(s) clé(s)
Expectations formation, oil price
2008-2

The dynamics of ex-ante risk premia in the foreign exchange market:Evidence from the yen/usd exchange rate Using survey data

Georges Prat, Remzi Uctum

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Abstract
Using financial experts' Yen/USD exchange rate expectations provided by
Consensus Forecasts surveys (London), this paper aims to model the 3 and 12-month ahead
ex-ante risk premia measured as the difference between the expected and forward exchange
rates. According to a two-country portfolio asset pricing model, the risk premium is modeled
as the product of three factors: a constant risk aversion coefficient, the expected variance of
the rate of change in the real exchange rate, and the spread between domestic agent's market
position in foreign assets and foreign agent's market position in domestic assets (net market
position). When the returns are partially predictable, the expected variance is horizondependent
and this is a sufficient condition for agents not to require at any time a unique risk
premium for all maturities but a set of premia scaled by the time horizon of the investment.
For each horizon the expected variance is assumed to depend on the historical values of the
variance and on the unobservable maturity-dependent net market positions which have been
estimated through a state space model using the Kalman filter methodology. We find that the
model explains satisfactorily both the common and the non-random specific time-patterns of
the 3- and 12-month ex-ante premia.
Mot(s) clé(s)
risk premium – foreign exchange market – international asset pricing model
2006-11

Anticipations, prime de risque et structure par terme des taux d'intérêt : une analyse des comportements d'experts

Georges Prat, Remzi Uctum

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Abstract
Using Consensus Forecasts monthly surveys, we show that experts' interest rate expectations in the Eurofranc market do not verify the rational expectations hypothesis. Instead, these expectations are found to be generated by a mixed process combining the traditional adaptive, regressive and extrapolative processes augmented by macroeconomic effects (price, income, money). This mixed expectational process is shown to verify the term structure relation of interest rates based on the portfolio choice model, where a state-space representation is introduced to account for the unobservable part of the long term asset in the portfolio: (i) the risk premium depends on the variance of the short term asset and on the covariance between the latter and inflation, and (ii) the estimated values of the term structure parameter and of the risk aversion coefficient are in accordance with their theoretical values. Nevertheless, due to transaction costs, the adjustment of the market rates on the portfolio equilibrium relation occurs gradually.
Mot(s) clé(s)
term structure of interest rates, expectations, risk premium
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